![]() 6 The concept of ikiyubi as presented by Aceti et al implies that the performer of yubitsume is not necessarily an offender, which runs counter to the strongly punitive connotation of the ritual. 3 When the offender voluntarily amputates his finger to avoid heavier punishment, the amputated finger is called shuniyubi, which means “dead finger”, and when a yakuza member undergoes yubitsume to resolve a conflict, the amputated finger is called ikiyubi, which means “living finger”, and is a symbol of sincere loyalty. The initial section of this chapter, which outlines the reasons for this laws introduction, is important to understanding the changing relationship between yakuza and state. Based on extensive Japanese language source material and interviews with criminals, police officers, lawyers, journalists, and scholars, this is the first English language academic monography to analyse Japans criminal syndicates. The boss may decide that yubitsume is not satisfactory for atonement, and the member may have to commit seppuku, which is suicide by self-disembowelment, 7 or be expelled from the yakuza. The Japanese mafia - known collectively as yakuza - has had a considerable influence on Japanese society over the past fifty years. Aceti et al 6 contend that yubitsume normally is not imposed as punishment but instead results from the offender’s own decision to demonstrate his repentance in the hope of avoiding more serious punishment, or is performed to solve a problem or conflict for which the sacrificing party is not responsible.
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